From Minicrypt to Obfustopia via Private-Key Functional Encryption

Private-key functional encryption enables fine-grained access to symmetrically-encrypted data. Although private-key functional encryption (supporting an unbounded number of keys and ciphertexts) seems significantly weaker than its public-key variant, its known realizations all rely on public-key functional encryption. At the same time, however, up until recently it was not known to imply any public-key primitive, demonstrating our poor understanding of this extremely-useful primitive. Recently, Bitansky et al. [TCC ’16B] showed that sub-exponentially-secure private-key function encryption bridges from nearly-exponential security in Minicrypt to slightly super-polynomial security in Cryptomania, and from sub-exponential security in Cryptomania to Obfustopia. Specifically, given any sub-exponentially-secure private-key functional encryption scheme and a nearly-exponentially-secure one-way function, they constructed a public-key encryption scheme with slightly super-polynomial security. Assuming, in addition, a sub-exponentially-secure publickey encryption scheme, they then constructed an indistinguishability obfuscator. We settle the problem of positioning private-key functional encryption within the hierarchy of cryptographic primitives by placing it in Obfustopia. First, given any quasi-polynomiallysecure private-key functional encryption scheme, we construct an indistinguishability obfuscator for circuits with inputs of poly-logarithmic length. Then, we observe that such an obfuscator can be used to instantiate many natural applications of indistinguishability obfuscation. Specifically, relying on sub-exponentially-secure one-way functions, we show that quasi-polynomially-secure private-key functional encryption implies not just public-key encryption but leads all the way to public-key functional encryption for circuits with inputs of poly-logarithmic length. Moreover, relying on sub-exponentially-secure injective one-way functions, we show that quasi-polynomiallysecure private-key functional encryption implies a hard-on-average distribution over instances of a PPAD-complete problem. Underlying our constructions is a new transformation from single-input functional encryption to multi-input functional encryption in the private-key setting. The previously known such transformation [Brakerski et al., EUROCRYPT ’16] required a sub-exponentially-secure singleinput scheme, and obtained a scheme supporting only a slightly super-constant number of inputs. Our transformation both relaxes the underlying assumption and supports more inputs: Given any quasi-polynomially-secure single-input scheme, we obtain a scheme supporting a poly-logarithmic number of inputs. ∗Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science Israel, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Email: [email protected]. Supported in part by a Levzion fellowship and by a grant from the Israel Science Foundation. †School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. Email: [email protected]. Supported by the European Union’s 7th Framework Program (FP7) via a Marie Curie Career Integration Grant, by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Program (H2020) via an ERC Grant (Grant No. 714253), by the Israel Science Foundation (Grant No. 483/13), by the Israeli Centers of Research Excellence (I-CORE) Program (Center No. 4/11), by the US-Israel Binational Science Foundation (Grant No. 2014632), and by a Google Faculty Research Award.